Scientists have broadened the list of potentially habitable worlds to include planets and moons with extreme internal heating, such as Io, a moon of Jupiter. A new study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets reveals that even rocky worlds lacking plate tectonics could harbor conditions suitable for life. Analysis of heat transfer processes on such bodies suggests they can maintain stable surface temperatures, supporting prolonged geological evolution.
Previously, worlds with intense internal heating, like Io, were considered inhospitable due to constant volcanic activity. Io is renowned for its massive eruptions caused by the gravitational pull of Jupiter, which generates internal friction and heat. However, instead of traditional plate tectonics, heat escapes through “heat pipes”—channels that transport magma to the surface, forming a thick crust and dense mantle.
The study found that these self-regulating cooling processes can prevent surface overheating, creating environments similar to those on early Earth billions of years ago. This discovery reshapes our understanding of habitable zones and highlights the need to explore “fiery worlds” in the search for life.
As a result, moons and planets with intense volcanic activity, previously excluded as potential habitats, are now seen as intriguing targets for astrobiological research.
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